MCQs in board exams are mostly based on these topics:

1. Bacterial Cell Structure

• Bacteria are: (Prokaryotic)

• Bacteria have a cell wall made of: (Peptidoglycan / Murein)

• The genetic material in bacteria is located in: (Nucleoid)

• Bacteria have: (70S ribosomes)

• Plasmids are: (Small circular DNA molecules found in bacteria)

2. Bacterial Cell Wall

• The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria contains: (Thick peptidoglycan layer)

• The cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria contains: (Thin peptidoglycan + outer membrane)

• Gram-positive bacteria stain: (Purple)

• Gram-negative bacteria stain: (Pink/Red)

3. Endospores

• Endospores are formed by bacteria to: (Survive unfavourable conditions)

• Bacteria that produce endospores include: (Bacillus and Clostridium)

• Endospores are resistant to: (Heat, radiation, chemicals, desiccation)

4. Bacterial Motility and Flagella

• Bacteria move using: (Flagella)

• The bacterial flagellum is made of: (Flagellin protein)

• Bacteria can also move by: (Gliding and twitching)

5. Ecological Importance of Bacteria

• Bacteria that fix nitrogen include: (Rhizobium)

• Rhizobium lives in root nodules of: (Leguminous plants)

• Bacteria are important in: (Nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle, decomposition)

• Bacteria are called recyclers of nature because: (They decompose dead organic matter)

6. Economic Importance of Bacteria

• Bacteria are used in the production of: (Yogurt, cheese, antibiotics)

• The first antibiotic discovered was: (Penicillin, from fungus, but bacteria also produce antibiotics)

• Bacteria are used in: (Genetic engineering, biotechnology, insulin production)

7. Normal Flora

• Normal flora live: (On and inside the human body)

• Normal flora help in: (Digestion, vitamin synthesis, pathogen prevention)

• Vitamin K is produced by: (Bacterial flora in the intestine)

• Vitamin B12 is produced by: (Bacterial flora in the intestine)

8. Bacteria in Research and Technology

• Bacteria are used in: (Recombinant DNA technology)

• Insulin is produced by: (Genetically modified bacteria)

• Bacteria are used to produce: (Enzymes, vitamins, hormones, vaccines)

9. Bacteriophage Structure

• A bacteriophage infects: (Bacteria)

• The genetic material in a bacteriophage is: (DNA or RNA)

• The tail fibers help the bacteriophage to: (Attach to the bacterial surface)

10. HIV Structure

• HIV is: (A virus that causes AIDS)

• HIV infects: (Helper T-cells of the immune system)

• The genetic material in HIV is: (RNA)

• HIV has an enzyme called: (Reverse transcriptase)

• The outer envelope of HIV has: (Glycoprotein spikes)

• HIV belongs to: (Retroviruses)