The exercise questions in this chapter are based on these topics:

1. Determining Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

• Given atomic number and mass number, find the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

• Given atomic number and charge, find the number of protons and electrons in an ion.

2. Behaviour of Particles in an Electric Field

• Predict the behaviour of protons, neutrons, and electrons moving at the same velocity in an electric field.

• Explain the direction of deflection for each particle.

3. Electronic Configuration Practice

• Write the electronic configuration (simple and sub-shell notation) of given elements.

• Write the electronic configuration of ions (cations and anions).

4. Quantum Numbers and Orbital Filling

• Assign quantum numbers to electrons in an atom.

• Determine the number of orbitals and electrons in given sub-shells.

5. Shapes of Orbitals

• Describe the shapes of s, p, and d orbitals.

• Identify the number of orbitals in each sub-shell.

6. Ionization Energy Questions

• Explain the variation in successive ionization energies of an element.

• Use ionization energy data to deduce electronic configuration and position in the periodic table.

7. Trends in Atomic and Ionic Radius

• Explain the change in atomic and ionic radius across a period and down a group.

• Justify the trends using nuclear charge, shielding effect, and number of shells.

8. Factors Influencing Ionization Energy

• Explain the factors influencing ionization energy: nuclear charge, atomic/ionic radius, shielding effect, sub-shell occupancy, and spin-pair repulsion.

9. Free Radicals

• Identify free radicals and explain their significance.

10. Application Questions

• Deduce the position of an element in the periodic table using successive ionization energy data.

• Explain the importance of electronic configurations in developing new materials for electronic devices.

11. Valence Electrons and Chemical Properties

• Explain that chemical properties are governed by valence electrons.

• Determine the number of valence electrons from electronic configuration.