1st Year Biology ch # 7 – Exercise Solution – ( Structural Computation Biology) – New Book 2026-27 Click Here To Download Longs Imp. MCQs Shorts Multiple Choice Questions Q1. Protein ka function generally kis par depend karta hai? → (c) Three-dimensional structureProtein ka kaam uski 3D shape par depend karta hai, kyunke ye 3D structure hi decide karta hai ke protein kis molecule ke sath bind ho sakta hai aur kya function perform kar sakta hai. Q2. Protein domains kya hain? → (a) Functional and structural units within proteinDomains protein ke andar wo hisse hote hain jo apna independent function aur structure rakhte hain, jaise ek bade protein ke andar chote functional blocks. Q3. X-ray crystallography experiment ka pehla step kya hai? → (d) Grow a crystalX-ray crystallography shuru karne se pehle molecule ka pure crystal banana zaroori hai, tab hi us par X-ray beam se experiment ho sakta hai. Q4. Computational biology ka primary role kya hai? → (a) Using computer algorithms to analyze dataComputational biology ka main kaam computer algorithms se biological data ko analyze karna hai (jaise DNA sequences, protein structures). Q5. Amino acid sequence se protein structure predict karne ka computational approach → (b) Homology modellingHomology modelling ek known protein structure ko template ki tarah use kar ke unknown protein ki 3D shape predict karta hai. Short Question Answers Q1. Protein ke domains define karo.Protein ke andar wo alag structural units jo apna independent function rakhti hain, unhe domains kehte hain. Misal: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase ka polymerase domain, jo DNA synthesize karta hai — structural biologists ne is domain ko identify kiya hai. Q2. Corona virus host cells mein kaise entry karta hai?SARS-CoV-2 (corona virus) ke envelope par spike proteins hote hain. Insani cells par ek receptor protein (CD-4) hota hai jo virus ke spike protein ke sath bind hota hai. Jab spike protein human cell ke receptor (helper T-lymphocytes) se jud jata hai, to virus host cell mein entry kar leta hai. Q3. Genomics define karo.Genomics computational biology ka ek important area hai jo genome (kisi organism ke ek cell ke andar DNA ka complete set) ka study karta hai. Isme genome ki sequencing, assembling, aur uske function/structure ka analysis shamil hai. Q4. Genomics aur Proteomics mein farq batao. Genomics Proteomics Genome (complete DNA set) ka study hai Proteins ka large-scale study hai (structures aur functions dono) Sequencing, assembling, aur function/structure ka analysis karta hai — genetic variations, gene function, aur evolutionary relationships samajhne mein madad karta hai Puray proteome (organism ke tamam proteins) ko map karta hai aur unki interactions/cellular roles samajhta hai Q5. GenBank kya hai? Briefly describe karo.GenBank ek comprehensive public database hai jisme nucleotide sequences aur unki bibliographic/biological annotations mojood hain. Ye alag alag organisms ke DNA sequences tak access deta hai, jis se genetic research aur comparative genomics asaan hoti hai. Q6. Protein Data Bank (PDB) par short note likho.PDB ek database hai jo bade biological molecules (jaise proteins aur nucleic acids) ka 3D structural data provide karta hai. Ye macromolecules ki structure samajhne, unke functions janne, aur specific protein structures ko target karne wali drugs design karne ke liye bohot zaroori hai. Long Questions — Kis Topic Ki Taraf Refer Hai Q1. Structural biology ki applications describe karo → Theory ka Q1 dekhein (structural biology ke practical uses, jaise drug design, disease understanding, etc.) Q2. X-ray crystallography ke principle aur working par note likho → Theory ka Q2 dekhein (kaise X-ray beam crystal par bombard hota hai aur electron density se 3D structure banta hai) Q3. Computational biology ke key databases briefly describe karo → Theory ka Q4 dekhein (jaise GenBank, PDB, aur baaki databases) Inquisitive Questions Q1. Agar ek nayi unknown bimari ki pandemic ho aur uska causative agent X family ka virus ho, to structural biology bimari rokne mein kaise madad kar sakti hai? Structural biology viral outbreaks samajhne mein bohot ahem hoti hai. X-family ke naye virus ke liye ye steps liye ja sakte hain: X-ray crystallography use kar ke viral surface proteins (jaise spike proteins) ki 3D structure maloom karna. Ye janna ke viral proteins insani cell receptor proteins ke sath kaise interact karte hain (jaise SARS-CoV-2 ke liye ACE2 receptor). Conserved domains (jo har strain mein same rehte hain) ko locate kar ke inhibitors design karna. Aisi drugs banana jo viral entry ko block karein (jaise spike protein se bind ho kar). Structural data use kar ke mRNA vaccines engineer karna. Isi tarah structural biology pandemic ko rokne mein madad de sakti hai. Q2. Agar aapko koi unknown protein mile aur Edman degradation/mass spectrometry se uska amino acid sequence maloom ho, to computational biology se uski structure aur function kaise predict karein? Sab se pehle BLAST tool use kar ke us amino acid sequence ko GenBank ya Protein Data Bank mein homologs (similar sequences) se compare karna. Phir sequence homology dekhna, jo unknown protein ke function ka clue deti hai. Agar unknown protein kisi known-function wale protein se homologous (similar) ho, to iska bhi similar function hone ka imkan hota hai. Aakhir mein structural homology use karna — protein ki 3D structure uske function ke baare mein critical information deti hai, kyunke similar structure wale proteins aksar similar function perform karte hain. Q3. Homology models experimentally determined structures se kaise different hote hain? Homology models basically approximations hote hain, jabke experimental structures atomic level detail deti hain. Homology models database ke templates se predict kiye jate hain, jabke experimentally determined structures empirical data (jaise X-ray crystallography) se aate hain — jisme X-ray beam crystal par specific direction se bombard kiya jata hai, aur diffracted beams ke angles/intensities se electron density ki 3D picture banti hai. Ye asli (real) image deti hai, na ke sirf ek approximate model. Q4. Drug development ke steps ka flow chart banao (jab tak prescription na mil jaye).   Macromolecule (jaise pathogen ka protein) ki 3D structure determine karna ↓ Macromolecule ke domains aur active sites identify karna ↓ Disease-causing molecule par sahi jagah dhoond kar drug targets

1st Year Biology ch # 6 – Long Questions – ( Bioenergetics ) – New Book 2026-27 Click Here To Download Shorts Imp. MCQs Exercise Leave a Reply Cancel reply Logged in as mubasharaliraza121@gmail.com. Edit your profile. Log out? Required fields are marked * Message*

1st Year Biology ch # 6 – Important Shorts – ( Bioenergetics ) – New Book 2026-27 Click Here To Download Longs Imp. MCQs Exercise Leave a Reply Cancel reply Logged in as mubasharaliraza121@gmail.com. Edit your profile. Log out? Required fields are marked * Message*

1st Year Biology ch # 6 – Important MCQs – ( Bioenergetics ) – New Book 2026-27 Click Here To Download Longs Imp. Shorts Exercise Photosynthesis Related MCQs Q1. Dark reaction mein kya hota hai? → (c) Adding of hydrogen to CO2Dark reaction mein CO2 ko hydrogen milta hai (NADPH se) taake reduce ho kar sugar bane. Q2. Glycolysis ke baare mein sahi baat → (d) 2 NAD+ reduce hote hain per glucose1 glucose se 2 NADH banti hain glycolysis mein, chahe conditions aerobic hon ya anaerobic. Q3. Thylakoid mein banti hain, stroma mein use hoti hain → (d) ATP aur NADPHLight reaction (thylakoid) se ATP aur NADPH banti hain jo Calvin cycle (stroma) mein use hoti hain. Q4. Yeast fermentation mein banata hai → (b) Ethyl AlcoholOxygen na hone par yeast pyruvic acid ko ethanol aur CO2 mein convert karta hai. Q5. Glucose 6-phosphate → Fructose 6-phosphate → (a) IsomerizationDono same formula rakhte hain, sirf structure change hota hai. Q6. ATP kis conversion mein banti hai → (b) Succinyl CoA → Succinic acidYe substrate-level phosphorylation se ATP/GTP banata hai. Q7. FADH2 kitni ATP deta hai → (b) TwoNADH 3 ATP deta hai, FADH2 sirf 2 kyunke ye ETC mein baad mein enter hota hai. Q8. CO2 acceptor → (b) Ribulose biphosphateCalvin cycle mein CO2 RuBP se milta hai. Q9. PS-I ke lost electrons kaun leta hai → (a) FerredoxinPS-I ke electron loss ko ferredoxin compensate karta hai. Q10. PS-II apne lost electrons kahan se leta hai → (d) Photolysis of waterPaani ke tootne se PS-II ko electrons milte hain. SLO Based MCQs Q11. Zameen par zyada tar energy ka source → (a) PhotosynthesisAlmost sari energy jo living organisms use karte hain photosynthesis se aati hai. Q12. Cell ki energy currency → (a) ATPATP hi wo molecule hai jo cell mein energy transfer karta hai. Q13. Ek phosphate bond tootne se kitni energy milti hai → (a) 4.3 KcalEk high-energy phosphate bond todne se 4.3 Kcal energy release hoti hai. Q14. Cells food se energy kis process se lete hain → (b) OxidationFood molecules oxidize ho kar energy release karte hain. Q15. Photosynthesis ke reactant side mein kya shamil hai → (a) WaterCO2 aur H2O reactants hain, glucose aur oxygen products hain. Q16. Kis point par gas exchange nahi hoti leaves aur atmosphere ke beech → (b) Compensation pointUs point par photosynthesis aur respiration ki rate barabar ho jati hai, isliye net gas exchange zero ho jata hai. Q17. Plants kitna solar energy chemical energy mein convert karte hain → (a) 1-2%Photosynthesis ki efficiency kam hoti hai, sirf 1-2% solar energy use hoti hai. Q18. Different wavelengths ki effectiveness kis terms mein measure hoti hai → (b) Active spectrum(Ye “Action spectrum” ko refer karta hai — rate of photosynthesis different wavelengths par). Q19. CO2 ka leaves mein entry kis par depend karta hai → (a) Opening of stomataStomata khulne se hi CO2 andar aa sakta hai. Q20. Photosynthesis mein O2 ka source → (c) H2OPaani ke photolysis se oxygen release hoti hai. Q21. Photosynthesis mein paani kis process se split hoti hai → (b) PhotolysisLight energy se paani tootna photolysis kehlata hai. Q22. CO2 ko sugar mein reduce karne ke liye reducing power → (a) NADPHNADPH hydrogen deta hai CO2 ko reduce karne ke liye. Q23. Chlorophyll kis type ka molecule hai → (a) Protein(Note: Actually chlorophyll technically pigment/lipid-like hai lekin book ke mutabiq answer “Protein” diya gaya hai — apni book follow karein). Q24. Chlorophyll ka central atom → (a) Mg++Chlorophyll molecule ke center mein Magnesium hota hai. Q25. Chlorophyll ka hydrophilic head aur ___ → (a) Hydrophobic tailChlorophyll structure mein hydrophilic head aur hydrophobic tail hoti hai (jaisay phospholipid). Q26. Chlorophyll mainly konsi colors absorb karta hai → (a) Violet-blue aur orange-redChlorophyll green light reflect karta hai, isliye violet-blue aur orange-red absorb karta hai. Q27. Chlorophyll ka head kis se bana hota hai → (a) Porphyrin ringPorphyrin ring hi head structure banata hai. Q28. Porphyrin ring mein kitne pyrrole rings hote hain → (b) 4Porphyrin ring 4 pyrrole rings se milkar banta hai. Q29. Chlorophyll-a mein second pyrrole ring mein kya hota hai → (a) CH3 groupChlorophyll-a mein CH3, chlorophyll-b mein CHO group hota hai. Q30. Carotenoids kis region mein light absorb karte hain → (a) Blue-GreenCarotenoids blue-green region ki light absorb karte hain (aur red-orange reflect karte hain). Q31. Phycobilins accessory pigments kahan paye jate hain → (b) CyanobacteriaPhycobilins cyanobacteria aur red algae mein hote hain. Q32. Different wavelengths ka pigment absorption graph → (a) Absorption spectrumYe graph batata hai konsi wavelength kitni absorb hoti hai. Q33. Photosystems kahan embedded hote hain → (c) ThylakoidPhotosystems thylakoid membrane mein hote hain. Q34. Har photosystem mein light gathering ___ hota hai → (a) Antenna complexAntenna complex light collect kar ke reaction centre tak bhejta hai. Q35. PS-I ke reaction centre mein chlorophyll-a → (c) p700PS-I 700 nm wavelength best absorb karta hai, isliye p700 kehlata hai. Q36. PS-II ke reaction centre mein chlorophyll-a → (d) 680 nmPS-II best 680 nm wavelength absorb karta hai, isliye p680 kehlata hai. Q37. Light dependent reaction kahan hoti hai → (a) Thylakoid membraneLight reaction thylakoid membrane par hoti hai. Q38. Light independent reactions kahan hoti hain → (a) Stroma of chloroplastCalvin cycle stroma mein hoti hai. Q39. Light dependent reactions ka part nahi hai → (d) Oxidative phosphorylationOxidative phosphorylation respiration ka part hai, photosynthesis ka nahi. Q40. Non-cyclic photophosphorylation ke baare mein ghalat baat → (c) Only ATPs are producedNon-cyclic mein ATP aur NADPH dono banti hain, sirf ATP nahi. Q41. Atmospheric oxygen ka main source → (b) PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis hi oxygen ka main source hai atmosphere mein. Q42. ATP kis process se banti hai → (a) ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis ke through proton gradient se ATP synthase ATP banata hai. Q43. PS-II aur PS-I ke through electron ka zigzag path → (b) Z-schemeYe pathway “Z” jaisi shape banata hai, isliye Z-scheme kehlata hai. Q44. Cyclic photophosphorylation tab hoti hai jab Calvin cycle slow ho aur → (a) NADPH accumulationJab NADPH zyada ho jaye to cyclic

1st Year Biology ch # 6 – Exercise Solution – ( Bioenergetics ) – New Book 2026-27 Click Here To Download Longs Imp. MCQs Shorts MCQs ki Explanation Q1. Dark reaction mein kya hota hai? → (c) Adding of hydrogen to CO2Dark reaction (Calvin cycle) light ke bagair hoti hai. Is mein CO2 ko hydrogen milta hai (reduction hoti hai) taake sugar bane. Ye hydrogen light reaction se aane wale NADPH se milta hai. Q2. Glycolysis ke baare mein sahi baat → (d) 2 NAD+ reduce hote hain per glucoseGlycolysis mein 1 glucose molecule se 2 NADH banti hain (matlab 2 NAD+ reduce hoti hain). Ye cytoplasm mein hoti hai, aerobic/anaerobic dono mein ho sakti hai, aur thodi ATP bhi banti hai — isliye baaki options ghalat hain. Q3. Thylakoid mein banti hain, stroma mein use hoti hain → (d) ATP aur NADPHLight reaction (thylakoid) mein ATP aur NADPH banti hain. Ye dono Calvin cycle (stroma) mein CO2 ko sugar banane ke liye use hoti hain. Q4. Yeast anaerobic (fermentation) mein banata hai → (b) Ethyl AlcoholYeast oxygen na hone par pyruvic acid ko ethanol aur CO2 mein convert karta hai (alcoholic fermentation), sath mein thori ATP bhi milti hai. Q5. Glucose 6-phosphate → Fructose 6-phosphate → (a) IsomerizationYe dono molecules same formula rakhte hain, sirf structure change hota hai — isliye ye isomerization hai. Q6. ATP kis conversion mein banti hai → (b) Succinyl CoA → Succinic acidKrebs cycle ka ye step substrate-level phosphorylation se ATP (ya GTP) banata hai. Q7. FADH2 kitni ATP deta hai ETC mein → (b) TwoNADH 3 ATP deta hai jabke FADH2 sirf 2 ATP deta hai kyunke ye ETC mein baad wale point par enter hota hai. Q8. CO2 acceptor photosynthesis mein → (b) Ribulose biphosphate (RuBP)Calvin cycle mein CO2, RuBP (5-carbon) se milta hai aur 3-carbon compound banata hai. Q9. Photosystem I ke lost electrons ko kaun leta hai → (a) FerredoxinPS-I jab light absorb karta hai to electron kho deta hai, jo ferredoxin le leta hai aur aage NADP+ ko NADPH banane mein madad karta hai. Q10. Photosystem-II apne lost electrons kahan se leta hai → (d) Photolysis of waterPS-II ke electrons paani (H2O) ke tootne (photolysis) se replace hote hain, jis se oxygen release hoti hai. Short Questions ki Explanation Absorption vs Action Spectrum: Absorption spectrum batata hai kaunsi wavelength pigment absorb karta hai; Action spectrum batata hai kaunsi wavelength par photosynthesis ki rate zyada hoti hai. Photosynthesis redox reaction kyun hai: CO2 reduce hota hai (glucose banta hai), aur paani oxidize hota hai (oxygen release hoti hai) — isliye ye redox reaction hai. Glucose ko oxygen kahan se milti hai: CO2 se, na ke paani se. Paani ki oxygen atmosphere mein release hoti hai. CO2 ka role: CO2 carbon ka source hai jo ATP aur NADPH ki madad se reduce ho kar sugar banata hai. Electron transport chain: Protein complexes ki chain jo electrons ko donor se acceptor tak transfer karti hai. Glycolysis: Glucose ka 2 pyruvic acid molecules mein tootna. Chlorophyll a vs b: Chlorophyll-a mein CH3 group hota hai, chlorophyll-b mein CHO group hota hai (dono second pyrrole ring par). Substrate-level phosphorylation: Enzyme ki madad se direct ATP synthesis (bina electron transport chain ke). Pyruvic acid Krebs cycle mein kaise jata hai: Pehle Acetyl CoA mein convert hota hai, phir Krebs cycle shuru hota hai. C3 vs C4: C3 plants mein CO2 seedha RuBP se milta hai (3-carbon product banta hai). C4 plants mein CO2 pehle PEP (phosphoenolpyruvic acid) se milta hai, jo 4-carbon oxaloacetic acid banata hai — ye zyada hot/dry conditions mein efficient hai. Long Questions — Kis Topic Par Focus Karna Hai Ye saare answers “theory chapter” ki taraf refer kar rahe hain, matlab in ka poora jawab aapki theory notes mein mojood hai: Q1, Q2 → Photosynthetic pigments aur unka role (chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids) Q3 → Thylakoid membrane mein pigments ka organization (Photosystem I aur II) Q4 → Hill’s experiment (paani ka role prove karna) Q5 → Light reactions ka overview Q6 → Cyclic photophosphorylation Q7 → Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions) Q8 → Fermentation aur anaerobic respiration ke variations Q9 → Glycolysis ka detailed mechanism Q10 → Krebs cycle Q11, Q12 → Electron transport chain aur chemiosmosis Q13 → Proteins aur fats cellular respiration mein kaise enter hote hain Q14, Q15 → Photorespiration aur Rubisco par temperature ka asar Q16 → C4 photosynthesis, photorespiration ka solution Inquisitive Questions ki Explanation Respiration fermentation se zyada energy kyun deta hai? Respiration mein glucose complete tor par CO2 aur H2O mein toot jata hai, fermentation mein incomplete breakdown hoti hai — isliye kam energy milti hai. Glucose ko ATP mein convert karna jalane se better kyun hai? Kyunke respiration enzyme-controlled process hai, energy step-by-step controlled tariqe se release hoti hai aur ATP mein store hoti hai — waste kam hota hai. Jalane mein saari energy heat ki form mein zaya ho jati. Photosynthesis/respiration disrupt hone se carbon-oxygen cycle kyun affect hota hai? Photosynthesis CO2 use karta hai, O2 banata hai; respiration O2 use karta hai, CO2 banata hai. Ye dono balance mein rakhte hain atmosphere ko. Agar koi ek process disturb ho to CO2/O2 levels bigड़ jayenge, jis se environmental pollution ho sakti hai. Leave a Reply Cancel reply Logged in as mubasharaliraza121@gmail.com. Edit your profile. Log out? Required fields are marked * Message*

1st Year Biology ch # 5 – Long Questions – ( Enzymes) – New Book 2026-27 Click Here To Download Exercise Imp. MCQs Imp. Shorts Leave a Reply Cancel reply Logged in as mubasharaliraza121@gmail.com. Edit your profile. Log out? Required fields are marked * Message*

1st Year Biology ch # 5 – Important Shorts – ( Enzymes) – New Book 2026-27 Click Here To Download Exercise Imp. MCQs Imp. Longs Leave a Reply Cancel reply Logged in as mubasharaliraza121@gmail.com. Edit your profile. Log out? Required fields are marked * Message*

1st Year Biology ch # 5 – Important MCQs – ( Enzymes) – New Book 2016-27 Click Here To Download Exercise Imp. Longs Imp. Shorts Leave a Reply Cancel reply Logged in as mubasharaliraza121@gmail.com. Edit your profile. Log out? Required fields are marked * Message*

1st Year Biology ch # 5 – Exercise Solution – ( Enzymes) – New Book 2026-27 Click Here To Download Longs Imp. MCQs Imp. Shorts Leave a Reply Cancel reply Logged in as mubasharaliraza121@gmail.com. Edit your profile. Log out? Required fields are marked * Message*

1st Year Biology ch # 4 – Long Questions – ( Biomolecules ) – New Book 2026 – 27 Click Here To Download Exercise Imp. MCQs Imp. Shorts Leave a Reply Cancel reply Logged in as mubasharaliraza121@gmail.com. Edit your profile. Log out? Required fields are marked * Message*