1st Year Biology ch # 7 – Long Questions – ( Structural Computation Biology) – New Book 2026-27 Click Here To Download Longs Imp. MCQs Shorts Leave a Reply Cancel reply Logged in as mubasharaliraza121@gmail.com. Edit your profile. Log out? Required fields are marked * Message*

1st Year Biology ch # 7 – Important Shorts – ( Structural Computation Biology) – New Book 2026-27 Click Here To Download Longs Imp. MCQs Shorts Q1. Protein ke domains define karo.Protein ke andar wo alag structural units jo apna independent function rakhti hain, unhe domains kehte hain. Misal: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase ka polymerase domain, jo DNA synthesize karta hai — structural biologists ne is domain ko identify kiya hai. Q2. Corona virus host cells mein kaise entry karta hai?SARS-CoV-2 (corona virus) ke envelope par spike proteins hote hain. Insani cells par ek receptor protein (CD-4) hota hai jo virus ke spike protein ke sath bind hota hai. Jab spike protein human cell ke receptor (helper T-lymphocytes) se jud jata hai, to virus host cell mein entry kar leta hai. Q3. Genomics define karo.Genomics computational biology ka ek important area hai jo genome (kisi organism ke ek cell ke andar DNA ka complete set) ka study karta hai. Isme genome ki sequencing, assembling, aur uske function/structure ka analysis shamil hai. Q4. Genomics aur Proteomics mein farq batao. Genomics Proteomics Genome (complete DNA set) ka study hai Proteins ka large-scale study hai (structures aur functions dono) Sequencing, assembling, aur function/structure ka analysis karta hai — genetic variations, gene function, aur evolutionary relationships samajhne mein madad karta hai Puray proteome (organism ke tamam proteins) ko map karta hai aur unki interactions/cellular roles samajhta hai Q5. GenBank kya hai? Briefly describe karo.GenBank ek comprehensive public database hai jisme nucleotide sequences aur unki bibliographic/biological annotations mojood hain. Ye alag alag organisms ke DNA sequences tak access deta hai, jis se genetic research aur comparative genomics asaan hoti hai. Q6. Protein Data Bank (PDB) par short note likho.PDB ek database hai jo bade biological molecules (jaise proteins aur nucleic acids) ka 3D structural data provide karta hai. Ye macromolecules ki structure samajhne, unke functions janne, aur specific protein structures ko target karne wali drugs design karne ke liye bohot zaroori hai. SLO Based: Application of Structural Biology Q7. Structural biology define karo. Ye kya information provide karti hai?Structural biology macromolecules (proteins aur nucleic acids shamil) ki 3D structures ka study karti hai, atomic level par. Ye biomolecule ki structure, uske functions, dynamics, aur ligands/dusre macromolecules ke sath interaction ki detailed information deti hai. Q8. Medical research mein structural biology ki applications list karo. Macromolecules ke active site aur domains determine karna. Vaccines/medicines banane ke liye drug targets identify karna. Host-pathogen interactions identify karna. Protein misfolding identify kar ke diseases diagnose karna. (Misal: COVID-19 mein scientists ne spike protein ki structural biology study ki, jis se drug target identify hua aur vaccines/medicines design hui jo spike protein ko block karti hain.) Q9. Macromolecules ke domains ki location aur structure jaanne ki significance kya hai?Macromolecules ke domains ki location aur structure jaanne se antiviral drugs design karne mein madad milti hai jo specifically un domains ko target kar sakein. Q10. Drug targets kya hain? Structural biology ke role ka example do.Drug targets wo jagah hai (usually protein) disease-causing molecule par, jahan drug kaam kar sakti hai. Structural biology scientists ko protein ki 3D shape study kar ke wo exact jagah dhoondne mein madad deti hai jahan drug attach ho kar protein ko rokegi. Misal: COVID-19 mein spike protein ki 3D structure jaan kar drug target identify hua aur vaccines/medicines design hui jo virus ko human cells mein entry se rokti hain. Q11. Host-pathogen 3D structures study karna drugs develop karne mein kaise madad karta hai?Structural biology ye samajhne mein madad karti hai ke pathogens (viruses ya bacteria) host body cells se kaise interact karte hain — isay host-pathogen interaction kehte hain. Pathogen aur host cell dono ke proteins ki 3D structures study kar ke scientists dekh sakte hain ke pathogen host cell mein kaise attach/entry karta hai. Misal: Corona virus ke spike protein aur uske human receptor protein ki structure jaan kar scientists ne aisi drugs banai jo receptor se bind ho kar virus ki entry ko block karti hain. Q12. Protein misfolding se hone wali diseases identify karne mein structural biology ka role describe karo.Protein ka function uske sahi 3D shape mein fold hone par depend karta hai. Kayi diseases proteins ke galat fold hone se hoti hain, jaise cystic fibrosis, Parkinson’s, aur Alzheimer’s. Structural biology in complex folding pathways ko samajhne mein madad deti hai aur ye bhi ke misfolding kaise disease tak le jati hai. X-ray Crystallography Q13. X-ray crystallography kis ne discover ki? Iski discovery ka purpose describe karo.X-ray crystallography 1912 mein William Henry Bragg aur William Lawerence Bragg ne develop ki thi. Inhe 1915 mein Physics ka Nobel Prize mila is kaam ke liye. Tab se ye technique alag alag substances (minerals, salts, metals, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, aur vitamins) analyze karne ke liye use ho rahi hai. Q14. X-ray crystallography ka working principle describe karo.Is technique mein X-ray beam crystal ke atoms/molecules par strike karti hai aur ye X-rays ko specific directions mein diffract kar dete hain. Diffracted beams ke angles aur intensities se crystal ke andar electron density ki 3D picture banti hai. Is electron density ko molecule ki 3D structure banane ke liye use kiya jata hai. Q15. X-ray crystallography ki working mein shamil steps list karo. Protein crystallization Diffraction pattern ka production Density map banana Protein structure determine karna Q16. X-ray crystallography ki schematic representation draw karo.Process ye hai: X-rays crystal par strike karte hain → Diffraction hoti hai jo Detector par record hoti hai → Ye data Computer + Graphics se process hota hai jis se Electron Density Map banta hai → Aakhir mein is se Protein Model (3D structure) banta hai. Q17. X-ray crystallography mein proteins kaise crystallize kiye jate hain?Protein crystallization ka matlab hai purified protein ko solid crystal form mein badalna. Crystals zaroori hain kyunke ye protein molecules ko ek regular, repeating pattern mein arrange karte hain, jo X-ray process mein clear image lene ke liye zaroori hota hai. Scientists protein ko special solutions ke sath slowly mix karte hain jis se molecules

1st Year Biology ch # 7 – Important MCQs – ( Structural Computation Biology) – New Book 2026-27 Click Here To Download Longs Imp. MCQs Shorts Multiple Choice Questions (Exercise) Q1. Protein ka function generally kis par depend karta hai? → (c) Three-dimensional structureProtein ka kaam uski 3D shape par depend karta hai, kyunke ye shape hi decide karti hai ke protein kis molecule se bind ho sakta hai. Q2. Protein domains kya hain? → (a) Functional and structural units within proteinDomains protein ke andar wo alag hisse hain jo independent function/structure rakhte hain. Q3. X-ray crystallography ka pehla step → (d) Grow a crystalExperiment shuru karne se pehle molecule ka pure crystal banana zaroori hai. Q4. Computational biology ka primary role → (a) Using computer algorithms to analyze dataComputational biology computer algorithms se biological data analyze karti hai. Q5. Amino acid sequence se protein structure predict karne ka approach → (b) Homology modellingHomology modelling known structures ko template ki tarah use kar ke unknown protein ki shape predict karti hai. SLO Based MCQs Applications of Structural Biology Q6. Structural biology ka primary focus → (b) Determining 3D atomic level structures of macromoleculesStructural biology macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids) ki 3D atomic-level structure determine karti hai. Q7. Proteins ki 3D structure determine karne ki technique → (d) X-ray crystallographyX-ray crystallography sab se common technique hai protein structure determine karne ke liye. Q8. Enzyme ka active site drug design mein important kyun hai → (b) It is where a substrate bindsActive site wo jagah hai jahan substrate bind hota hai, isliye drug design mein ye jagah target ki jati hai. Q9. Structural biology ne COVID-19 research mein kaise contribute kiya → (c) By determining 3D structure of spike proteinSpike protein ki 3D structure determine karne se vaccine aur drug design mein madad mili. Q10. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase enzyme ki structural studies ne kya identify kiya → (d) All of abovePolymerase domain, RNase H domain, aur Nuclease domain — teeno identify hue. Q11. Disease-causing molecule par wo jagah jahan drug kaam kar sake → (a) Drug targetsYe specific jagah “drug targets” kehlati hai. Q12. Protein misfolding kis disease se associated hai → (c) Alzheimer’sAlzheimer’s disease protein misfolding se juda hota hai (galat fold hue proteins clumps banate hain brain mein). X-ray Crystallography Q13. X-ray crystallography ka pehla step → (a) Protein crystallizationSab se pehle protein ka crystal banana hota hai. Q14. Diffraction pattern kis kaam ke liye use hota hai → (b) Create a density mapDiffraction pattern se electron density map banaya jata hai jo structure batata hai. Computational Biology Q15. Konsa field computational tools se biological data analyze karta hai → (d) Computational biologyComputational biology hi ye kaam karti hai. Q16. Computational biology ka area nahi hai → (c) ErgonomicsErgonomics (workplace design se related) computational biology ka hissa nahi hai; Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics iske areas hain. Q17. Genome sequences ki sequencing/assembling/analysis kis mein study hoti hai → (d) GenomicsGenomics genome ki study karta hai. Q18. Organism ke tamam proteins ko map karna aur unki interactions samajhna → (a) ProteomicsProteomics puray proteome ko map karta hai. Q19. Konsa field diseases se juri genetic variations identify karta hai → (c) Computational biologyComputational biology genetic variations identify karne mein madad karti hai. Q20. “https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/” link kis database ka hai → (a) GenBankYe link GenBank database ka hai jo nucleotide sequences store karta hai. Q21. Konsa database macromolecules ki 3D structures store karta hai → (b) PDBProtein Data Bank (PDB) 3D structural data store karta hai. Q22. Nucleotide sequences aur bibliographic annotations ka database → (a) GenBankGenBank hi ye database hai. Q23. Genome browser jo genome sequences, gene models, comparative genomics ki info deta hai → (d) EnsemblEnsembl ek genome browser hai jo ye sab info provide karta hai. Q24. Sequence alignment tool jo query sequence ko database se compare karta hai → (a) BLASTBLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) sequences compare karta hai. Q25. Protein aur nucleotide databases mein sequence homology dhoondne ke liye best tool → (a) FASTAFASTA is kaam ke liye appropriate tool hai. Sequence Homology Q26. Sequence homology kya hai → (a) Similarity in sequences due to shared ancestrySequence homology matlab similar ancestry ki wajah se sequences mein similarity hona. Q27. Orthologs kya hain → (d) Arise from same ancestral geneOrthologs wo genes hain jo same ancestral gene se speciation ke through nikalte hain. Q28. Human histone H1.1 aur H1.2 kya hain → (a) ParalogYe same species ke andar duplicate genes hain, isliye paralogs hain. Q29. Human histone H1.1 aur Chimpanzee histone H1.1 kya hain → (c) OrthologYe alag species mein hain lekin same ancestral gene se hain, isliye orthologs hain. Q30. Structural homology drug designing mein kaise madad karti hai → (a) By identifying similar protein structures for targeted drug bindingSimilar structures dhoond kar drug ko specific target ke liye design kiya ja sakta hai. Q31. Agar do proteins structural homology rakhte hon to kya infer hota hai → (a) They likely share functional similaritiesStructural homology hone se functional similarity ka strong chance hota hai. Q32. Bioinformatics mein sequence alignment ke liye tool → (b) FASTAFASTA sequence alignment ke liye use hota hai. Q33. Konsa bioinformatics tool DNA sequences ke liye “Google Search” jaisa kaam karta hai → (c) BLASTBLAST bilkul Google search jaisa hai, sequences ko database mein search karta hai. Q34. Biologists unknown genes ke liye protein structures compare kyun karte hain → (a) To assign possible functionsStructure compare karne se unknown protein ka function assign karne mein madad milti hai. Q35. X-ray crystallography mein missing step identify karo (Crystalize protein → X-ray diffraction → ? → 3D model) → (a) Calculate electron density mapsDiffraction pattern ke baad electron density maps calculate hote hain, jin se 3D model banta hai. Q36. Ek researcher naye protein par kaam kar raha hai jo BLAST mein match nahi karta, agla step kya hai → (b) Check for structural homology using PDBAgar sequence homology na mile to structural homology check karna agla logical step hai. Q37. Orthology paralogs se kaise different hai

1st Year Biology ch # 7 – Exercise Solution – ( Structural Computation Biology) – New Book 2026-27 Click Here To Download Longs Imp. MCQs Shorts Multiple Choice Questions Q1. Protein ka function generally kis par depend karta hai? → (c) Three-dimensional structureProtein ka kaam uski 3D shape par depend karta hai, kyunke ye 3D structure hi decide karta hai ke protein kis molecule ke sath bind ho sakta hai aur kya function perform kar sakta hai. Q2. Protein domains kya hain? → (a) Functional and structural units within proteinDomains protein ke andar wo hisse hote hain jo apna independent function aur structure rakhte hain, jaise ek bade protein ke andar chote functional blocks. Q3. X-ray crystallography experiment ka pehla step kya hai? → (d) Grow a crystalX-ray crystallography shuru karne se pehle molecule ka pure crystal banana zaroori hai, tab hi us par X-ray beam se experiment ho sakta hai. Q4. Computational biology ka primary role kya hai? → (a) Using computer algorithms to analyze dataComputational biology ka main kaam computer algorithms se biological data ko analyze karna hai (jaise DNA sequences, protein structures). Q5. Amino acid sequence se protein structure predict karne ka computational approach → (b) Homology modellingHomology modelling ek known protein structure ko template ki tarah use kar ke unknown protein ki 3D shape predict karta hai. Short Question Answers Q1. Protein ke domains define karo.Protein ke andar wo alag structural units jo apna independent function rakhti hain, unhe domains kehte hain. Misal: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase ka polymerase domain, jo DNA synthesize karta hai — structural biologists ne is domain ko identify kiya hai. Q2. Corona virus host cells mein kaise entry karta hai?SARS-CoV-2 (corona virus) ke envelope par spike proteins hote hain. Insani cells par ek receptor protein (CD-4) hota hai jo virus ke spike protein ke sath bind hota hai. Jab spike protein human cell ke receptor (helper T-lymphocytes) se jud jata hai, to virus host cell mein entry kar leta hai. Q3. Genomics define karo.Genomics computational biology ka ek important area hai jo genome (kisi organism ke ek cell ke andar DNA ka complete set) ka study karta hai. Isme genome ki sequencing, assembling, aur uske function/structure ka analysis shamil hai. Q4. Genomics aur Proteomics mein farq batao. Genomics Proteomics Genome (complete DNA set) ka study hai Proteins ka large-scale study hai (structures aur functions dono) Sequencing, assembling, aur function/structure ka analysis karta hai — genetic variations, gene function, aur evolutionary relationships samajhne mein madad karta hai Puray proteome (organism ke tamam proteins) ko map karta hai aur unki interactions/cellular roles samajhta hai Q5. GenBank kya hai? Briefly describe karo.GenBank ek comprehensive public database hai jisme nucleotide sequences aur unki bibliographic/biological annotations mojood hain. Ye alag alag organisms ke DNA sequences tak access deta hai, jis se genetic research aur comparative genomics asaan hoti hai. Q6. Protein Data Bank (PDB) par short note likho.PDB ek database hai jo bade biological molecules (jaise proteins aur nucleic acids) ka 3D structural data provide karta hai. Ye macromolecules ki structure samajhne, unke functions janne, aur specific protein structures ko target karne wali drugs design karne ke liye bohot zaroori hai. Long Questions — Kis Topic Ki Taraf Refer Hai Q1. Structural biology ki applications describe karo → Theory ka Q1 dekhein (structural biology ke practical uses, jaise drug design, disease understanding, etc.) Q2. X-ray crystallography ke principle aur working par note likho → Theory ka Q2 dekhein (kaise X-ray beam crystal par bombard hota hai aur electron density se 3D structure banta hai) Q3. Computational biology ke key databases briefly describe karo → Theory ka Q4 dekhein (jaise GenBank, PDB, aur baaki databases) Inquisitive Questions Q1. Agar ek nayi unknown bimari ki pandemic ho aur uska causative agent X family ka virus ho, to structural biology bimari rokne mein kaise madad kar sakti hai? Structural biology viral outbreaks samajhne mein bohot ahem hoti hai. X-family ke naye virus ke liye ye steps liye ja sakte hain: X-ray crystallography use kar ke viral surface proteins (jaise spike proteins) ki 3D structure maloom karna. Ye janna ke viral proteins insani cell receptor proteins ke sath kaise interact karte hain (jaise SARS-CoV-2 ke liye ACE2 receptor). Conserved domains (jo har strain mein same rehte hain) ko locate kar ke inhibitors design karna. Aisi drugs banana jo viral entry ko block karein (jaise spike protein se bind ho kar). Structural data use kar ke mRNA vaccines engineer karna. Isi tarah structural biology pandemic ko rokne mein madad de sakti hai. Q2. Agar aapko koi unknown protein mile aur Edman degradation/mass spectrometry se uska amino acid sequence maloom ho, to computational biology se uski structure aur function kaise predict karein? Sab se pehle BLAST tool use kar ke us amino acid sequence ko GenBank ya Protein Data Bank mein homologs (similar sequences) se compare karna. Phir sequence homology dekhna, jo unknown protein ke function ka clue deti hai. Agar unknown protein kisi known-function wale protein se homologous (similar) ho, to iska bhi similar function hone ka imkan hota hai. Aakhir mein structural homology use karna — protein ki 3D structure uske function ke baare mein critical information deti hai, kyunke similar structure wale proteins aksar similar function perform karte hain. Q3. Homology models experimentally determined structures se kaise different hote hain? Homology models basically approximations hote hain, jabke experimental structures atomic level detail deti hain. Homology models database ke templates se predict kiye jate hain, jabke experimentally determined structures empirical data (jaise X-ray crystallography) se aate hain — jisme X-ray beam crystal par specific direction se bombard kiya jata hai, aur diffracted beams ke angles/intensities se electron density ki 3D picture banti hai. Ye asli (real) image deti hai, na ke sirf ek approximate model. Q4. Drug development ke steps ka flow chart banao (jab tak prescription na mil jaye).   Macromolecule (jaise pathogen ka protein) ki 3D structure determine karna ↓ Macromolecule ke domains aur active sites identify karna ↓ Disease-causing molecule par sahi jagah dhoond kar drug targets